In oncology, genetics distinguishes between hereditary cancer syndromes (e.g., Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, hereditary breast cancer, or hereditary colorectal cancer) and sporadic tumours (e.g., sporadic breast or colorectal cancer).
A central aspect of tumour development is the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that give rise to a population of cells with a malignant phenotype. According to the multistep model of carcinogenesis, tumour growth is initiated by transforming genomic events, most commonly involving changes in the activity of regulatory genes such as proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. These alterations may be triggered by a predisposing germline variant, environmental influences (e.g., smoking, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy), or occur spontaneously. During tumour progression, additional secondary genetic modifications promote further growth and clonal expansion. Characteristic genetic alterations, including translocations, amplifications and deletions, are valuable for the molecular classification of tumours and the early detection of recurrence, and have in part become incorporated into WHO tumour classifications.
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